Mahatma Gandhi A Leader Of India s Independence Movement

Mahatma Gandhi was a primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that influenced the world. Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2nd, 1869 in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India, which was then apart of the British Empire. He was assassinated on January 30, 1948. His father, Karamchand Ghandi served as a chief minister and his mother Putlibai was deeply religious. Gandhi grew up worshipping the Hindu god Vishnu and followed Jainism, a morally rigorous ancient Indian religion that espoused non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism. At the age of 13 Gandhi married a merchants daughter, in an arranged marriage. After his father’s death, Gandhi’s family sent him to England in 1888 to study law, where he became interested in the philosophy of nonviolence. Gandhi returned to India in 1891, because he found little success in his attempts to practice law. Seeking a change of scenery, he accepted a po sition in South Africa for a year where he assisted on a lawsuit. In South Africa, he became involved in efforts to end discrimination against the Indian minority there, who were oppressed by the British. When the British cracked down on Indian civil liberties after World War I, Gandhi began to organize nonviolent protests. When the British troops gunned down peaceful Indian protestors, it convinced Gandhi and India of the need to self-rule. After the war Gandhi’s reputation grew. He became even more adamant in hisShow MoreRelatedGandhi : The World Of Mahatma Gandhi1320 Words   |  6 Pages 2016 Research Paper: Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi, better known to the world as Mahatma Gandhi is one of the world’s main faces when we think or talk of the Indian independence movements, women’s rights and all around freedom for humanity. This individual used strategies and tactics of his own to achieve justice for the Indian culture while he was alive. Gandhi also worked to reform traditional Indian society in India as he was a mahatma, a Hindu term in the Hindu religion meaningRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : Gandhi ( Gandhi )1176 Words   |  5 PagesKaramchand Gandhi, also known as Gandhi Ji, Mahatma Gandhi and Bapu. He was a nationalist leader in India, known for establishing freedom in India from British through nonviolent movement. He professed the term’s passive resistance and civil disobedience insufficient for his work, however he devised a term called, Satyagraha (truth and firmness). He worked his whole life for peace and freedom in India, which I think, is something to be ackn owledged by millions of people. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wasRead MoreGandhi : Man Of Power853 Words   |  4 Pages Gandhi: Man of Power When we think of leaders, we all have certain characteristics that come to mind. We consider those who are leaders, to be a person who had done something special in their time. That something may have changed something in their local community, or it may have changed the world (Lal, 2015). World history has known many examples of leaders that made a big change in the world. In the United States, there is little doubt that Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King are examples ofRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And Influential Religious Political Leaders Of The Twentieth Century1464 Words   |  6 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the most admired and influential religious political leaders of the twentieth century. Gandhi is acknowledged as the Father of the Nation or Bapu due to his astonishing contributions towards the independence of India, by becoming an amazing freedom fighter who led India as a leader of Nationalism, against British rule. Gandhi was one of such that believed in nonviolence, the unity of people, and bringing spirituality upon Indian politics. He worked incrediblyRead MoreGandhi s Life And Legacy1578 Words   |  7 PagesMacKenzie Rugar Professor Gajanan Eastern Philosophy Final Paper 26 Apr. 2016 Gandhi’s Life and Legacy Throughout the course of history there have been many influential leaders that have stressed the use of non-violence and civil disobedience including Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was a very influential and inspiring leader that was able to lead billions of people. He was willing to give up everything for what he believed in even though he knew that his actions could possibly lead to imprisonmentRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : An Ethical Leader1292 Words   |  6 Pagesdirty, the ocean does not become dirty† (Mahatma Gandhi). This is one of the many inspirational quotes derived from one of the many more teachings Mahatma Gandhi accomplished throughout his life time. To become a leader one must be great, whether born gifted or to eventually achieve greatness. To become an ethical leader one must surpass the expectations that even society has set forth. Mahatma Gandhi has been viewed by most as a definite ethical leader. He has set the bar high with his words andRead MoreMahatm a Gandhi : The First War Of Indian Independence1096 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi was one with the greatest soul who was a freedom fighter, father of the nation and he was called ‘Bapu’ in the India. He took India to a totally new level by employing movements like non-violence, civil disobedience and civil rights during India’s freedom struggle with the British. He was fasting for purification, and respect for all religions. The British government rule in India under crown rule, ending a century of control of the East India Company. The life and death struggleRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And Essence Of His Movement1613 Words   |  7 PagesSecular Gandhi and Essence of his movement in Revolutionizing Congress Mahatma Gandhi was a political and spiritual leader, though not in a religious sense. He was a religious person but believed that all religions were equal and did not advocate on religion over another. Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar on the Western coast of India and raised by Hindu parents, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi found many opportunities in his youth to meet people of all faiths. He had many Christian and Muslim friendsRead MoreMohandas Karamchand Gandhi s Independence Movement1355 Words   |  6 PagesKaramchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer who became the primary leader of India s independence movement. Better known as Mahatma Gandhi, he not only led India to independence from British rule but also inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world in several other countries. Best remembered for his employment of nonviolent means of civil disobedience, he led Indians in the Dandi Salt March to protest against the British-imposed salt tax and launched the Quit India Movement, a massRead MoreGandhi : The Situational Leader3106 Words   |  13 Pages Gandhi: The Situational Leader Akanksha Jolly ESLI â€Æ' Gandhi: The Situational Leader According to Burns(1978) â€Å"Leadership is the reciprocal process of mobilizing by persons with certain motives and values, various economic, political, and other resources, in a context of competition and conflict, in order to realize goals independently or mutually held by both leaders and followers† (p. 425). Leaders often find themselves in violent situations, and many of them are unsure of how to

The Feminist Perspective Of Criminology Essay - 2349 Words

Feminist perspective in criminology is dedicated to examining crime in a way that acknowledges how women experience crime both as offenders and victims. Because rape is a crime that primarily victimises women, it is important to draw on the feminist perspective when analysing it. In New Zealand legislation, rape is defined by Section 128(2) of the Crimes Act 1961 as: â€Å"Person A rapes person B if person A has sexual connection with person B, effected by the penetration of person B’s genitalia by person A’s penis,— (a) without person B’s consent to the connection; and (b) without believing on reasonable grounds that person B consents to the connection.† but by limiting the legal definition of rape to â€Å"intercourse without consent†, the violent nature of sexual assault is being ignored in favour of seeing it simply as illegal sex. By defining rape this way we are not acknowledging the fact that rape is used as a tool to dominate and control the victim and that prevents us from addressing the issue of rape in an appropriate way (Cook Jones, 2007). In New Zealand we have a rape culture that comprises much more than just the physical act of rape. In order to address rape culture we must look beyond rape as a crime and examine our attitudes towards rape, towards victims of rape and towards women in general. Buchwald, Fletcher and Roth (2005) define rape culture as â€Å"a complex set of beliefs that encourages male sexual aggression and supports violence against women† (p. vii). It isShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Criminology871 Words   |  4 Pagesuncover the impact of feminist approaches within criminology. It will demonstrate how these theoretical perspectives have changed our opinion on women as victims, as well as criminals themselves. By exploration of taboo subjects such as the danger of prostitution looking into how it can prove problematic for feminism. In addition to the labelling of domestic violence, whilst uncovering a variety of key theorists and perspectives. Feminism is crucial to the study of criminology as it takes away traditionalRead MoreFuture of Criminology1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe future of Criminology etc. Criminology is, as John Lea (1998) points out, not so much a discipline as a field, its distinctiveness is not its knowledge base but the form of its focus: theories of crime, criminal law and the relation between the two - in this it is a sub-category of the sociology of deviance. It can, and never should be, conceived of as a separate discipline, its categories and processes are social constructs, they have no separate ontological reality. It cannot, thereforeRead MoreDescribe the Basis of Feminist Criminology1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Basis Of Feminist Criminology Feminist criminology was created out of the realization that criminology from its beginnings focused on the male criminal and the unlawful acts they committed. When in the fact it could be argued female crime was studied as far back as 1800s, female criminal activity, its causes and the effects in which it placed on public opinion were often disregarded. Over the past 20 years, there has been a significantly different approach in how females are being dealt withRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Perspective1168 Words   |  5 Pageseye-opening articles, groundbreaking books, and activism has influenced my intellectual journal through feminist theory. Feminism is a contentious topic with matters that pertain to contemporary feminism, including the following: reproductive rights; equal access to education and employment; marriage equality; violence against women; and the sex trade. While these are only a few of the issues faced by feminists, it is evident that feminism has great value i n today’s society. My journey with feminism beganRead MoreThe Study Of Criminology Has Long Been Forgotten, And When1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of Criminology has long been forgotten, and when the first studies began they focused their attention on men. The criminal world was dominated by men, and to include women in such studies was unusual. Women were considered inferior beings, and when it came to female delinquents they were compared to a monster, just like Lombroso. Traditional criminology considered female delinquency to be considered unusual and improper for women, since it was not according to the role they had to playRead MoreRace, Class And Gender1032 Words   |  5 Pageswith the ‘critical criminology’ (Hudson, 2002). This serves as a ‘control’ for our later discussion when we discuss race, class and gender. Secondly, we will look at three different aspects of prison; the control of prisoners, treatment of prisoners and services provided by the criminal justice system and how race, class and gender intertwine with these three notions. The control of prisoners refers to how the prison as an institution itself restricts prisoners. We will use feminist concerns to lookRead MoreCrime And Social Control Theory Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough social and environmental life factors while labeling theory provides the basis that criminal activity continues due to the societal response to certain behavior (Hagan, 2016). Labeling theory, also referred to as the societal reaction perspective, is the idea that â€Å"individuals are deviant mainly because they have been labeled as deviant by social control agencies and others† (Hagan, 2016, p. 182); This theory focuses heavily on how society reacts to certain activity and how they label individualsRead MoreSocial Reaction Theory And Feminist Theory Of Crimes1476 Words   |  6 Pages Social Reaction Theory and Feminist Theory of Crimes are the subject theories I am going to review, examine, and explain. I will be discussing the evolution of social reaction and labeling theory, which is mainly concerned with how individuals’ personal identities are highly influenced by the way that society has a tendency to classify them as offenders. I will also be reviewing the various forms of feminist theories, which began as reactions to the lack of reasonable theorizing about why femalesRead MoreImplications of Feminist Criminology for Criminal Just ice523 Words   |  2 PagesImplications of Feminist Criminology for Criminal Justice All feminist theorists share a common focus on gender inequality; however feminism can be described as a set of perspectives rather than a single viewpoint (Strider, N.d.). Therefore, challenging gender biasness in the criminal justice system from the feminist perspective can take many forms given the fact that there a lot of sources of gender inequality in the system. For example, the early theories of criminal behavior largely ignored genderRead MoreCriminology : A Social And Political Movement3263 Words   |  14 PagesFeminist criminology is a social and political movement. It is a theoretical approach which did not rise up until the 19th century and continues to develop within modern criminology. During the 18th century Marxism and functionalism was first introduced within criminology which was the most dominant perspective and a positivist approach to crime. Throughout the 18th century criminological thought was gender biased as most theorists were males studying male crime, t herefore creating masculinity criminology

Criminal Justice Internship At The Yale Child Abuse Programs

â€Å"If you have a passion for it, you’ll find it out in the field† (Josh Valentino). I completed my criminal justice internship at the Yale Child Abuse Programs Department of Pediatrics, in New Haven Connecticut. My internship with the Child Abuse Programs was such an eye opening experience. I not only got to learn about my field of study, but this internship has also aloud me to discover a lot about myself as a person as well. When I walked into the Yale building on my first day as an intern, I did not know what to expect, and I certainly had no idea that my time there would leave such a huge impact on me. I remember thinking that this was my chance to confirm that my ultimate goal of working as a forensic psychologist was the right career choice me. On the first day of my internship, I was introduced to the staff that I would be working with, and I also received a tour of the clinic. I was informed that there were four forensic interviewers on staff, as well as four practitioners, a program coordinator, a child life specialist and a host of family and child services advocates. Since we work mostly with children, the clinic itself is very child friendly. We have a playroom that houses everything from iPads, to dollhouses. If a child is coming to our clinic, it is usually is because they are a victim of some kind of abuse. As you can imagine, this is a very traumatic time for them and we try to make it as comfortable as possible given the circumstances. The clinic also has anShow MoreRelatedCjs 240 Intro to Juvenile Justice the Juvenile Justice Systems Need to Focus on Rehabilitation1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Juvenile Justice System’s Need to Focus on Rehabilitation The Juvenile Justice System’s Need to Focus on Rehabilitation Amanda R. Molnar Axia College of the University of Phoenix The Juvenile Justice System Needs to Focus on Rehabilitation The juvenile justice system has long been in debate over whether its focus should be rehabilitation or punishment. From its birth in the early 20th century, the juvenile justice system has changed its focus from punishment to rehabilitation and backRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of DiversityRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesmanagement and strategic marketing. It can also be used as a text in international marketing courses. Retailing, entrepreneurship, and ethics courses could use a number of these cases and their learning insights. It can certainly be used in training programs and even appeal to nonprofessionals who are looking for a good read about well-known firms and personalities. TEACHING AIDS As in previous editions, you will find a plethora of teaching aids and discussion material within and at the end of

Julius Caesar Not a Great Leader Essay - 704 Words

The driving forces in the play Julius Caesar are the characters Marcus Brutus, Julius Caesar, and Marc Antony. Julius Caesar is the center of the ordeal of leadership in Rome when the play begins. When Caesar returns to Rome he is looked upon by the fickle plebeians as a glorious and triumphant hero. The authority of his heroism is questioned when the honorable Marcus Brutus speaks to the townspeople during Caesar’s funeral. Brutus proves to be the better leader for Rome rather than Caesar or Antony. Brutus is wiser and more honorable than the other Romans. He was the only one truly looking out for the good of Rome and not himself. Julius Caesar is thought of as the most powerful and glorious ruler to step foot in Rome. The only thing†¦show more content†¦He compares Caesar to a serpent in an egg which he must kill before it hatches. Brutus knows that Caesar is gaining too much power too quickly and it must come to an end. He shows his belief in a republic government by saying, â€Å"We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar / And in the spirit of men there is no blood (II.i. 180-181). Cassius is a character who is jealous of Caesar’s power and also wants it to end. He forms a group of conspirators who are against Julius Caesar. He persuades Brutus to help him and the other conspirators to kill Caesar during the ides of March. Brutus joins but only due to his love for Rome and its people. He proves this by saying Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius. (II.i. 179). This also proves his love for Caesar because he wants to kill him with some sort of honor. Brutus wants the citizens to look at him not as a murderer but for someone who cares for his country. He expresses his ideas toward the stabbing by saying , â€Å"If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer-not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more (III, ii, 17-19). Marc Antony is known in the play as the right hand man of Juli us Caesar. After the death of Caesar, Antony is outraged and sad about the death of his dear friend. He wants revenge with the conspirators for what they have done. He asks Brutus, knowing he is an honorableShow MoreRelatedJulius Caesar : A Great Leader1074 Words   |  5 PagesGaius Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar, hereinafter Julius Caesar or Caesar, lived from 100 BC to 44 BC in Ancient Rome. Julius Caesar was an accomplished military general and skilled politician, who is credited with ending the Roman Republic and ushering in the age of Roman emperors. Julius Caesar’s father’s side of the family was part of the original founders of Rome, so he had the birth pedigree, although he lacked personal wealth that was typical of many of the nobles. His mother’s family wasRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Great Leader1718 Words   |  7 Pagesin my village where Julius Caesar is fighting to take over Gaul and also to be king. Caesar had spent his days campaigning in Rome, he had all the credentials to be king the only thing that was missing was the actual title of being named king. As I walk the streets in Gaul, I can see the army of Caesar appearing more and more, he is a great military leader and is taking over Gaul more each day that goes by. The people of Gaul can see promise with being taken over by Caesars army, we will be givenRead MoreThe Death of Julius Caesar, a Great Leader1034 Words   |  4 Pages Julius Caesar was a great leader of Rome. Not only did he lead a very strong army, but his people also loved him. The debate is always should he have been killed or should he have lived and lead us to more victories. The first document that was used in the debate is a primary source. It’s called De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius. The document is a biography of Julius Caesar and his life. Suetonius wrote the biography. Suetonius was a roman historian who wrote about the Roman Empire. It was writtenRead MoreThe Greatest Military Leaders Of The Great, Julius Caesar, George Washington Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pages Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, George Washington, these names are some of the most renowned in world history and are associated with great leaders. Specifically, they are considered the greatest military leaders of all time. Military leaders are probably the most romanticized type of leader, often becoming folk heroes. Leaders can be found in politics, businesses, organizations, and sports teams; their effectiveness can all be determined and explained by using the same leadership concepts asRead More Julius Caesar Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesgood king or ruler? Julius Caesa r is one of the most famous rulers of all time. He was one of Rome’s greatest and most powerful leaders. His changes to the empire helped take Rome to new levels of success. The life of Caesar was short, yet great. It is important to learn about this great man and his many accomplishments. Gaius Julius Caesar was born on July 13th, 100 B.C. to a poor, Patrician family in Rome (â€Å"Julius Caesar†; Gruen 12). For most of his young life, Caesar lived in an apartmentRead MoreWhy Augustus Caesar was a Better Ruler than Julius Caesar652 Words   |  3 Pagesgreatest leaders of Rome are without a doubt Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar. These two men have defined leadership for a country. Many other countries have modeled their ethics and used them as their own to better themselves as a whole. Without these two men, our world would not be the same in just about every way. Although these two men were both great, one of them was better than the other. Although Julius Caesar was a dominant leader, Augustus Caesar was certainly the better leader. Julius CaesarRead MoreMarc Antony1183 Words   |  5 Pagescitizens. Many leaders strive to reach being one of the people’s greatest leaders, but many fail. However, there is one in particular who was capable of achieving the position of being known as ‘one of the people’s greatest leaders’. Marc Antony, who served with Julius Caesar, was known as one of the people’s greatest leaders for being a warrior, being considerate, achieving great power and appointed a part of the government. Marc Antony is known as one of the people’s greatest leaders because heRead MoreEssay on Compare/Contrast Julius Caesar to Alexander the Great1013 Words   |  5 Pagesrange of great people; two of the most brilliant and influential leaders were Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. The turning points in history they were involved in were their individual conquests and their unfortunate deaths. Alexanders greatest victory was over the Persians; Caesars greatest victory was his defeat of Pompey. Their actions and beliefs had their influence on their society and society of today. Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar set the standard of what a leader shouldRead MoreJulius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte1340 Words   |  6 PagesJesse Guadagno Ryan Biracree College Writing 11/4/12 Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte This world has seen many great leaders and emperors but two of them standout a little more than the others. Their names are Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte. Both men were highly respected and greatly feared. They also ran great empires that spanned over thousands of miles. They wanted to rule and conquer anything they could. They have many similarities and differences in the wayRead MoreEssay on Julius Caesar951 Words   |  4 PagesEarly life Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 100 B.C. Though he was a descendent of the oldest patrician family, Julius Caesar grew up in a very poor district of Rome called Subura. As a child, he studied martial arts, history, and law (â€Å"Julius Caesar†). At the age of seventeen, Julius married Cornelia, the daughter of Luciussulla, who was a dictator of Rome. Because Luciussulla did not approve of the marriage, he tried to force the two to divorce, but they both refused. Julius Caesar studied

Development of a Proposed Commercial Building Free Essays

string(46) " and other industry codification of patterns\." Contentss BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Facilities†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ AUTHORITIES/GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a Proposed Commercial Building or any similar topic only for you Order Now Duties of parties†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Government/client†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Public work section†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Evaluation OF PROCUREMENT METHODS†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ RECOMMEDATION†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Choice PROCEDURES†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Decision†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.001.jpg"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.002.jpg"/ Proposed commercial edifice OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT The aims of the said undertaking i.e. edifice of commercial centre is a authorities ain undertaking. When completed, it is expected to supply a contributing environment for commercial activities. Therefore, to accomplish the underline mark, certain standards have to be met in term of conduciveness for the activities to be carried out. The edifice is to be constructed for commercial intent and so the grounds for building have to be in topographic point. Therefore, the procurance to be usage for building and methods is really of import as it affect the cost, quality and clip of bringing of the undertaking. As given, the clip for undertaking completion is 2 old ages under certain conditions. It is important to understand what type of procurance to achieve certain work quality, within the demarcated clip and at an low-cost cost. Possibly, it is of import to understand the ground for building ( economic activities ) to do the edifice functional. Most public edifices failed because a clear mark is non place for the edifice public presentation. To accomplish these, a consecutive work frame should be arranged with a clear mark building. Facilities Facilities in commercial edifices are so many and are provided harmonizing to the functions/ public presentation of the commercial edifice. Such edifices include office edifices, industrial, retail/restaurant, multifamily, land and assorted. Therefore, the installations provided for each of the above reference commercial edifices varies depending on the type of edifice demand. Below are some of the installations in commercial edifices: Recreational installations Restaurant Ticket counter Worship country such as surau Ace market Merchandise displace country Rest room/changing room Shops Bank facilities/ ATM machine Siting installations for wheel chair users Inquiry offices Custom country Waiting country etc IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS In most cases, the authorities undertakes big scale undertakings and public installations such as, main roads, larning establishments, infirmaries and athletics installations. They are non net income oriented but important in footings of bringing, quality of plants and safety. Unfortunately a figure of authorities funded undertaking in the state suffered. They failed to accomplish the said quality and agenda. The deficiency of range for bettering building efficiency and derived relevant quality and efficiency mark and public presentation steps for building plants. Failure to analyze current pattern and the range for betterment by invention in merchandise and procedures. Failure to place specific actions and good pattern which would assist accomplish more efficient building in footings of quality and client satisfaction, seasonableness in bringing and value for money. AUTHORITIES/GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Duties of parties Basically there are three parties involved in this undertaking, to which if any mistake arises will be held responsible. These parties include: The authorities who happens to be the client and to which gives the contract under a certain ministry. The chief contractor of the undertaking The wellness and safety statute law and enforcement bureau, which is responsible for the effectiveness execution of the so called safety and wellness policies. Government/client The Government as the client and as the client and as the proprietor of the undertaking has a diverse duties. The authorities is supposed to name a competent designer or supervisor who will supervise the undertaking from the start until finishing phase. The planning supervisor to the edifice is specifically referred to in the SBC ( standard edifice contract ) as being appointed by the employer, and to which the planning supervisor is stated to be the designer unless some other single is identified. The planning supervisor is required to: Ensure that the design avoid foreseeable hazard. Ensure co-operation between interior decorators. Be able to advice the client as the employer is termed in CDM94 ( building design direction ) on the competency of appointed interior decorators. Be able to advice the client on competency of the contractor. Ensure readying of bill of exchange wellness and safety program for the contractors at stamps phase. Give notice of the undertaking to the wellness and safety executive. Review and amend the wellness and safety files as work returns. Deliver the wellness and safety files to the client on completion of the undertaking. The chief contractor The rule contractor is stated to be the contractor or such offer contractor as the employer shall name as the chief contractor pursuant to regulation 6 ( 5 ) of CDM 94. The employer must be moderately satisfied that such principle contractor is competent and can apportion sufficient resources to guarantee contraption with ordinances. The chief contractor is required to: Ensure that other contractors comply with their duties on wellness and safety affairs. Co-ordinate co-operate between sub-contractors Ensure conformity with wellness and safety programs. Ensure that all relevant individuals comply with all the wellness and safety programs. Ensure that merely authorized individual are allowed on site. Expose a transcript of noticed submitted the wellness and safety executive. Supply the planning supervising with the information required for the wellness and safety files. Instruct other contractors so that the rule contractors responsibilities are comply with. Health and safety ordinance organic structures The section of occupational safety and wellness ( DOSH ) and other bureaus has ordinances that lay down the legal demand to guarantee that the safety and wellness of non merely the workers at topographic point of work but besides the populace every bit good. These guidelines applied to all work in edifice operation and work of technology building activities in Malaysia. Covered by the occupational safety and wellness act 1994 ( ACT 514 ) the mill and machine act 1967 ( ACT 139 ) and all the ordinances made there under. It is designated to function as a ready to hand mention and to read together with above mentioned statute law and other industry codification of patterns. You read "Development of a Proposed Commercial Building" in category "Essay examples" In this, the section wellness safety and wellness work in coaction with other ordinance organic structures to congratulate their policies. These are: National Institute of Safety and Health ( NAOSH ) . Construction Industry Development Board ( CIDB ) . All these organic structures mentioned supra are to guarantee zero accident is obtained both at topographic point of work after the chief building and besides during construction’s procedure. Aims To procure the safety, wellness and public assistance of individual at work against hazards of safety and wellness originating out of activities of individuals at work. To protect individuals at topographic point of work other than individual at work against hazards to safety and wellness originating out of individual at work. To advance an occupational environment for individual at work which is adapted to their physiological and physiological demands? To supply agencies where by the associated occupational safety and wellness ordinances possibly increasingly by a system of ordinances and supply industry codification of pattern operating in combination with the proviso of this act designed to keep or improved the criterion of safety and wellness. Public work section The public work section is the authorities functionary which is under a certain ministry of Housing Urban and Rural development. The duty of this authorization is to put to death and work with chief metropolis program. The multitudes in bend must work with the local authorization so as to accomplish the metropolis maestro program. Therefore, every person or company willing to raise any construction must subject their building’s propose program to local authorization for blessing. Possibly, this authorization already put up programs for the general public use ( Internet Explorer: Areas set out for industrial, commercial and residential countries ) . By and large, when there is disapproval from the local authorization, the aggrieved person/s can ever appeal for blessing until a certain understanding is reach by both parties. Therefore, the local authorization is responsible for giving out building’s programs and specification. Evaluation OF PROCUREMENT METHODS The definition of procurance is ‘the obtaining of goods and services’ . But in building, it is to obtaining the whole spectrum of good, stuffs, works and services in order to plan, construct and commissions a edifice that delivers the best possible value for the money for the client over its life rhythms. In traditionally, standards for the choice for good, stuffs, works and services has been the cheapest or lowest monetary value command. However, for presents, the accent has changed from cheapest cost to outdo value. The procedure of obtaining a scope of building services and providers in order to present a building solution to identified demands. The procurance demands of the undertaking is Time Cost Quality or specification Types of Procurement There are many types of procurance which design based on the demand of the undertaking and the demands of the client in the undertaking. The different types of procurement represent different advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the client should take consequently to their budget and demands in the undertaking. Although that have many types of procurance but in Malaysia are merely focus. Traditional procurance This procurance method is client appointed a design squad by his ain and completed the drawing of undertaking consequently. After that, the client will name a chief contractor to transport out the building harmonizing to the drawing and specification drawn up by the design squad. At the same clip, the building work will be advice by the leader of the design squad, which is architect or civil technology. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.003.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.005.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.007.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.006.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.008.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.010.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.011.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.012.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.013.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.014.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.015.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.016.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.017.png"Direct relationship img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.018.png"Indirect relationship Advantages: The unit rates allow easiness of rating for the phase payments of work carried out and for any fluctuation to the original design. All parties have a clear image and responsible as to the extent of their duties. It gives a clear analysis of the cost of all facets of the undertaking. Disadvantages: Changes may take to differences or claim. Take clip in design phase. Design does non profit to building experience. Design and Build Procurement This procurance is client merely appointed a contractor. The contractor will hold his ain design squad to plan consequently the demand of the proprietor so he will construct consequently. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.019.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.020.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.021.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.022.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.023.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.024.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.025.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.026.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.026.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.027.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.028.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.030.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.031.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.032.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.033.png"/ Advantages Less proficient hazard because the contractor is responsible to plan and construct based on their experiences. Save clip due to no tendering is needed. Disadvantages 1.Cost will detect by terminal of design. 2. The contractor may cut down the quality to maximum their net incomes. Prison guard The prison guard is a type of undertaking that is constructed so that it could be sold to any purchaser as a completed merchandise. This is contrasted with physique to order, where the builder builds an point to the buyer’s exact specifications, or when an uncomplete merchandise is sold with the premise that the purchaser would finish it. Main contractor responsible for design. Main contractor responsible for building. chief contractor installed the trappings img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.019.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.034.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.035.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.022.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.036.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.037.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.025.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.026.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.026.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.038.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.039.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.029.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.040.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.041.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.042.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.043.png"/ Advantagesi?s 1. A prison guard contract is one in which an independent agent agrees to supply stuffs and labour to complete a undertaking and so turn it over to the proprietor for a fixed monetary value. 2. No spending of hard currency until the undertaking is done. Disadvantagesi?s Not easy method and affect high capableness of boosters. Transaction cost is high Procurement based on Case Study Based on the scenario, the suited procurance is utilizing Novated prison guard Procurement. The theory of this procurance is the client. Because the new oil company come ining Malayan market willing to fund a new community centre, when organisations or persons wish to hold a new installation, or carry out renovation or care of an bing installation, they will be involved in some from of procument. There are a assortment of different methods for securing this new installation, non all of which involve building as a solution. RECOMMEDATION I would recomment the usage of building direction for this undertaking with carefully selected director who will in individual handle the undertaking and pull off it good. This is because building direction is flexible, efficient and cost effectual. There should be a Study Committee to consulted and guarantee the Final study addressed client concerns.Information and Material Obtained in Interviews. The advisers and clients appreciate the clip and attempt of persons and organisations who supplied information, fiscal records, remarks, and observations with respect to building of commercial edifice for this Study. It is of import to utilize some natural stuff so as to do mention informations in the study, with ascription to the beginning. It besides to supply a strategic attack to the commercial edifice proviso within the territory required. It is recommended that before any important following stairss are taken with respects to the building advancement, the commercial and political treatments that are required associating to the possible support of the new Centre. Such commission should be able to supply extra information which relate to the undertaking life rhythm, so cost benefit analysis to the proposed undertaking is expected to positively lend towards the local economic system through increased investing in sport/recreational installation and subsequent commercial/economic activities. On the other manus, associated undertaking activities may do some negative environmental impacts. The chief end of the commission is to supply an rating as to whether the undertaking will convey a net overall addition or loss to society from the environmental base point. This survey adopts the impact pathway attack ( IPA ) where the physical environmental impacts are linked to an economic rating procedure. Choice PROCEDURES The choice process for the most acceptable method for building of the commercial edifice is base on cost, quality and clip. It was to follow with the said importance of the undertaking precedence. These choice processs are: Identifying which of the above building procurance method would supply the needed demand for clip decrease i.e to finish undertaking with the given stipulated clip. Cost decrease or direction is of kernel, so which of the methods would be cost effectual. Identify the best method with building efficiency and derived relevant quality and efficiency mark and public presentation steps for building plants. Traditional method The traditional signifier of procurance is where the interior decorator does non hold direct nexus with the specializer and all communicating is via the chief contractor who in many instances will non accept design liability. Design and Build Method Design and Build procurance method is one in which a design-build contractor is given the duty of transporting out both the design and building of the undertaking for the client. Management Contracting Method This scheme involves the owner/ developer come ining into an understanding with Management Contractor who in bend contracts with single trade contractors. The proprietor pays the cost of the work contracts every bit good as the direction fee for the direction services. Fig 2.0 demoing the different procurance methods and their effectivity in relation to cost, quality, and clip. Traditional Method Design and Build Method Management Catching Time: this is considered as the most clip devouring type of procurance method Time: It is known as fast piece of land method because of its nature of build ability. Time: It is the fastest method comparison to the others Cost: Cost or monetary value certainty is reasonably good. Client can be certain in respects to amount spend. Cost: This method provides a better bundle and value for money spends on the undertaking. Cost: It is the least in comparing with the others. Quality: This method provides a high grade of quality and certain criterion. Quality: It is frequently found out that the quality under this catching system tends to be questionable. Quality: The certainty in relation to the quality of work is dependent on the bundle contractors. But it is better than D A ; B in comparing. The tabular array above contains critical information on the different procurance methods. Each method has its ain distinctive feature and advantages, sing the different factors i.e. cost quality and clip. It is of import to cognize that one method could non be use as best pattern for all building type. To urge the most effectual method for certain undertaking, the aim and intent for the said building must be understood. Decision Each undertaking procurance system has its ain distinctive feature in footings of the Pretender and station stamp activities and procedures, division of hazards between client and contractors, and the effectivity of undertaking monitoring and control. It is really of import at the really beginning of a undertaking to carefully see all factors when choosing the most appropriate procurance attack for a building undertaking. This is because each system has its ain characteristic and distinctive feature that will hold consequence on the cost, clip and quality of the undertaking i.e. the undertaking public presentation. Aiming to get the better of typical jobs of separation of executing from be aftering and after the-fact discrepancy sensing presently experienced in the existent patterns, a vision for the this coevals of building planning and control is proposed to get the better of life undertaking executing job. It is of import to utilize current building pattern for effectual consequences. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0891410.044.png"/ How to cite Development of a Proposed Commercial Building, Essay examples

An Analytical Report on the Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior in A

Questions: The Consumer Journal Report requires to analyse the internal and external factors influencing the consumer decision making process for a major purchase e.g. a car or a holiday. The analysis MUST be based on reality and within Australian market. The assignment should be in report format. It is important to be analytical and NOT descriptive, demonstrating an understanding of which theories were at play in this purchase situation. Marking Criteria. Description of Internal Influences (Perception, Learning, Motivation, Personality Attitude). Description of External Influences (Group Influence, Culture). Analysis and demonstration of understanding. Answers: Executive summary Buyer behavior is very crucial for the survival of a business, hence the reason why the factor influencing customer purchase of certain goods should be researched on. This report aims to delve into and explore the various influencing factors (both internal and external) that lead up to the making of a virtually big decision by individuals. It tries to bring an analytical perspective into these factors particularly in the Australian setting or rather consumership. These research aims at explaining that not only the financial factor should be consider as the one affecting the consumer behavior but a lot of things too. It further explain how these internal and external factors affect the consumer when purchasing an apartment in Australia. Introduction The concept of consumer behavior is all about the study of individuals and the various cognitive as well as non-cognitive processes that buyers engage themselves into before coming to a decision of buying a certain product or service. The human tendency that makes us edged towards perfectionism and satisfaction in whatever we do has it that keen and well though through decisions are almost necessary whenever we want to buy anything especially is the said product or service costs a considerably high amount of money. Psychologically we are aware that such decisions dont just occur but instead are driven by a number of influences that concurrently run through our minds whenever we want to buy something. This thoughts and pre-eminent conditions are principally responsible for whatever final decision we end up with. The typical process of consumer decision making, or rather what goes into account during the decision making process begins with the need recognition and awareness that as a consumer you need to have a certain product or be rendered a given service. A number of both internal as well as external influences that well analyze later in this report play a role into the arousal of these needs amidst our inner selves. The development of interest comes in as the second step in the process where we actually gain interest into what we want to buy and begin to gather relevant information such as how much it would cost us and even where we would find whatever we are looking for. The next step in the process would take the form of alternative evaluation where we try to evaluate what other options are in our disposal before moving ahead to purchase the desired product or service. The last step in the consumer decision making process I would argue is the reason why most of us take keen interest and put a lot of thinking before making our next purchase. I say this because this is where consumers make their own self evaluation into the decision they just made it is where consumers can gauge their satisfaction into the product or service and subsequently their decisions. The various influences that come to ploy The Australian economy I would beg to argue has led to the rise of the ethical consumer. This can be principally attributed to the fact that the economy hasnt been that friendly to the consumers and every once in a while theyve had to make some tough choices and end up being a bit wary regarding their own financial wellness. A common scenario that I would like to use as a case example that Australian consumers are likely to face every once in a while is that of making the decision on the ownership of their own homes or apartments especially in a vibrant city such as Sydney. Euro monitor (2016) reports that Australian consumers of late have had to deal with escalating house prices which mean that consumers will have to put in more thoughtful effort before coming to a decision. An Australian consumer looking to owning a home during such unfriendly economic times would be influenced by two main forces; the internal influences and the external influences. In these scenario we look at con sumer decision making when purchasing an apartment. The consumer decision when purchasing the apartment is influence by both the internal and the external factors as discussed below. Internal factors A buyers personality trait is one of the internal influences that predetermine the individuals drive towards taking interest on a particular product in this case an apartment. It is the thoughts, emotions, intentions and behavior that we express as we move through our environment (marketingteacher.com .2016). If the individuals personality feeds into the need to buy a home then it is likely that he or she will make up his or her mind about buying and try to counter anything that tends to oppose what is aligned with their personality. The consistency theory of decision making argues that people (in this case our house buyer) seek comfort from their internal alignment and the internal alignment it is referring to is the alignment to our internal personalities (our thoughts, emotions and intentions about something we want) and therefore it has a big of an influence when it comes to consumer decision making. Perception is yet another internal factor influencing how decisions turn out. In the case of our house buyer in Sydney, it is hard to see how he/she can end up with the decision of buying the apartment yet they never had a positive perception towards the idea in the first place.it is all about noticing something and assigning meaning to it and the side of the scale (be it positive or negative) that it falls under determines whether it can be given any attention in the mind of an individual. It would therefore seem that this factor and the theory of explanatory coherence can be tied together based on the fact that they both relate what we want to a simple explainable hypothesis like a simple positive perception towards something. Day to day interactions with other people creates a tendency of adopting new ideas and norms or mentalities from those whom we interact with and it ends up being a learning process that affects how we perceive things and generally molds our decision making processes. In the case of the home buyer, if he/she through the various interactions with friends gradually learnt that it is a basic necessity and a must have to own an apartment or a house in Sydney then its probably apparent that the individual will go for the house. I would argue that this is determined to a large extend by popular opinion among those we interact with and would therefore make it appropriate if I tied it with the involvement theory of decision making which posits that interactions leads to generation of norms. When an individual is making a decision to buy a house in Sydney, personal motivation plays a very critical role in ensuring the fate of the final decision. It is motivation that acts as the energizing force that drives behavior and attitude. Maslows hierarchy of needs posits that for whatever we consider a need, there are positives gained and at the same time negatives reduced. This therefore means that the urge to fulfill or achieve something we think of as a need will act as a motivator that most of all drives us towards an aligned decision. Since housing is considered as one of the basic human needs, it would be substantial to note that an individual intending to buy a house in Sydney is likely to be motivated by the sheer fact that this is a basic need and therefore a must have. As the last of the internal influences, attitude of an individual towards may seem like an external influence but in real sense it is all about an internal evaluation simply expressed outwardly about an idea at hand. Attitude sort of pre-determines the fate of a decision to a large extent because it doesnt only affect how we make decisions but also the interactions with whom we make especially for our case of a house buyer in Sydney. We cant expect that he/she will see the idea through with a negative attitude towards the idea of buying a house in Sydney. A theory that is in action in this particular instance is the consistency theory of decision making because in essence someone with a negative attitude towards the idea tends to block it out completely even though it would be seen by others as a brilliant move. External influences Group influence follows a normative approach of interactions among and within groups. It is through these group interactions that group norms and values are created and gradually gather prominence among the members. The social influence theory of is one of the key theories that come to mind in this context with respect to the case of an individual opting to buy a house in Sydney since the theory revolves around group think and influence. This therefore insinuates that a decision is likely to be hugely affected by group influence. Cultures posses distinct norms and core values that are highly held by respective individuals and therefore in some way or another they depict the kinds of decisions we make. For instance a Muslim would easily opt for beef meat rather than pork because of his/her culture. The theory of commitment argues that people feel obliged to fall in place to their cultural norms or to the majority norms and therefore an individual traditionally raised in the outback would most likely make the decision to forgo the idea of buying a house in Sydney for his/her conventional outback. Conclusion Generally, consumer behavior is influenced by a lot of factors when purchasing an apartment or any other significantly expensive item.Its good for a producer to be aware of such influence so that they can produce goods that attracts their customers. From the above discussion financial factors are not the only things that influence the decision making when purchasing an apartment. The family too plays a big role when, buying an apartment since they have to decide the location and the size. Different commodities are influenced by different factors when a customer wants to purchase them. So the business should find out what factors are likely to influence a commodity to be purchased, since these factors are not the same for all the products. References Anon, (2016). Consumer Decision Making. Changingminds.org. (2016). 2016]. Euromonitor.com. (2016). Consumer Lifestyles in Australia. Friesner, V. (2014). Internal Influences - Emotion and Perception - Marketing Teacher. Friesner, V. (2014). Friesner, V. (2014). Internal Influences - Lifestyle and Attitude - Marketing Teacher. Friesner, V. (2014). Internal Influences - Motivation - Marketing Teacher. Friesner, V. (2014). Internal Influences - Personality - Marketing Teacher. Oregonstate.edu. (2016). Social Influence Theories.

Centralization and Decentralization free essay sample

CHAPTER 5 DESIGNING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE: AUTHORITY AND CONTROL TEACHING OBJECTIVES 1. To examine how the hierarchy emerges and how most companies limit hierarchical levels. (5. 1) 2. To address the problems associated with tall hierarchies: communication, motivation, and bureaucratic costs. (5. 1) 3. To consider Parkinson’s Law and the minimum chain of command principle. (5. 1) 4. To demonstrate how an increased span of control can prevent a hierarchy from becoming too tall. (5. 1) 5. To review the factors that affect the shape of the hierarchy: horizontal differentiation, centralization, and standardization. 5. 2) 6. To examine Max Weber’s six principles for a bureaucratic structure. (5. 3) 7. To consider the advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy. (5. 3) 8. To consider the importance of the informal organization. (5. 4) 9. To discuss the trends toward empowerment, self-managed teams, cross-functional teams, and contingent workers. (5. 5) CHAPTER SUMMARY To protect shareholders’ goals, managers must constantly analyze organizational structure. This chapter examines the vertical dimension of structure—the hierarchy of authority created to control an organization’s members. How and why does vertical differentiation occur? The hierarchy emerges when an organization faces coordination and motivation problems due to increased horizontal differentiation. A hierarchy is tall if it has many levels relative to organizational size and flat if it has few levels relative to size. Most large companies do not exceed 9 or 10 levels and do not increase the number of managers, because tall hierarchies have problems with communication, motivation, and high bureaucratic costs. Parkinson’s Law demonstrates how hierarchies get too tall. The minimum chain of command principle is explained. Increasing the span of control can substitute for increasing hierarchical levels. Span of control is based on the complexity and interrelatedness of tasks. Simple and less interrelated tasks call for a wider span of control. Factors shape the hierarchy: horizontal differentiation, centralization, standardization, and the informal organization. These design decisions can ensure that a hierarchy remains flat so the organization can control activities. Horizontal differentiation controls employees when an organization cannot increase its hierarchical levels. Horizontal differentiation keeps the hierarchy flat, as each function has its own hierarchy. Decentralizing authority improves communication and coordination due to less direct supervision, affecting the size of the hierarchy. Standardization reduces direct supervision, because employees follow rules, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and norms. The informal organization can increase control. The chapter outlines Max Weber’s six principles of bureaucratic structures and reviews the advantages of bureaucratic structure. Authority should be based on rational legality, clearly defined roles, competence, and rules. A bureaucratic structure controls interactions among organizational members, reduces transaction costs, provides stability, and increases core competences. Managers must prevent the hierarchy from becoming too tall and centralized. If the hierarchy is neglected, organizational costs rise, the decision-making process slows, and the company becomes unresponsive to stakeholders. Restructuring and downsizing are a trend to reduce costs. Coupled with this trend is the use of empowerment and self-managed teams. Another cost-saving measure is the use of contingent workers. CHAPTER OUTLINE . 1Authority: How and Why Vertical Differentiation Occurs Determining the level of vertical differentiation is a basic design challenge. Managers must determine the shape of the hierarchy, the number of levels, and the span of control (the number of subordinates a manager oversees). The shape of the hierarchy, plus the balance between centralization and decentralization, establish the extent of vertical di fferentiation. The Emergence of the Hierarchy As an organization grows, differentiation and the division of labor increase, which lead to coordination and motivation problems. At this point, the hierarchy emerges to coordinate and motivate members by increasing the number of managers and organizational levels. Managers choose between a flat hierarchy with few levels relative to company size and a tall hierarchy with many levels relative to size. (Fig. 5. 1) Size and Height Limitations Research on size and height of the hierarchy shows that a firm of 1,000 has four levels, one with 3,000 has seven levels, and one with up to 100,000 employees stays at nine or 10 levels. (Fig. 5. 2) Organizations actively restrict the number of managers and the number of levels as they grow. So, most organizations have a pyramid structure (Fig. 5. 3a), not a bloated structure (Fig. 5. 3b). Notes_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________ Problems with Tall Hierarchies Q. Why is the number of hierarchical levels and managers limited? A. Tall hierarchies face problems. Communication Problems. As the chain of command extends, communication takes longer, which slows decision making. Information is distorted, accidentally or deliberately, as it goes up and down the hierarchy. Q. How can information be distorted? A. A long chain of command leads to misinterpretation of the message. Self-serving managers give selective information to decision makers. Subordinates tell superiors what they want to hear. Distortion leads to poor decisions, because decision makers have incorrect information. Organizational Insight 5. 1: Pfizer’s New Emerging Hierarchy Through mergers and acquisitions, Pfizer’s hierarchy had become too tall. They cut the number of management layers between top scientists from 14 to seven and drastically reduced the number of committees. Q. How did Pfizer’s structure contribute to its problems? A. When organizations get too tall, they cannot respond as well or as quickly to the marketplace, which is what happened to Pfizer. This was fixed by flattening the structure so that the organization could respond better to the market. Notes_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________ Motivation Problems. The taller the organization, the less managerial authority and responsibility there are. Tall hierarchies decrease motivation because managers, with less authority and responsibility, are less motivated. In a flat structure, managers have more responsibility and are more motivated. Accountability in a tall structure decreases, making it easy for managers to shirk responsibility. Bureaucratic Costs. Tall hierarchies have high bureaucratic costs; a company pays a middle manager an average of $300,000 a year, so a cut of 1,000 extra managers saves $300 million. Layoffs become necessary if management pays no attention to its hierarchy. A company grows and hires managers without considering long-term costs. When the company matures, growth ceases, and cost reduction becomes necessary. To avoid layoffs, a company must continually evaluate its hierarchy. The Parkinson’s Law Problem Parkinson observed that from 1914 to 1928, while the British Navy decreased the number of ships by 68 percent, it increased the number of dockyard officials by 40 percent and top managers by 79 percent. Q. Why did this occur? A. Parkinson’s theory is that managers want to increase the number of subordinates, not rivals, so they make work for each other. In other words, â€Å"Work expands so as to fill the time available. † Notes_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________ The Ideal Number of Hierarchical Levels: The Minimum Chain of Command Managers should base hiring decisions on whether the value added exceeds the cost. The minimum chain of command principle states that a company should choose the minimum number of hierarchical le vels needed for goal achievement. Span of Control To avoid becoming too tall, an organization can increase the span of control, the number of subordinates a manager directly oversees. Different companies have different spans of control. A manager’s span of control is limited to the number of subordinates that can be adequately supervised. An increase in subordinates exponentially increases the subordinate relationships to be managed. A manager with two subordinates manages three relationships, but a manager with three subordinates manages six (Figs. 5. 6a–b). If the span of control becomes too wide, a manager loses control over subordinates. Q. What determines an effective span of control? A. Complexity. For complex, dissimilar tasks, the span of control can be narrow. For routine, similar tasks, the span of control can be wider. A research supervisor has a narrow span of control, but a production supervisor has a wide span of control. Organizational Insight 5. 2: Bob Iger Reshapes Walt Disney Disney was suffering under a structure that was tool tall, and this was hampering innovation. They eliminated a strategic planning office that was seen as causing a bottleneck of new ideas, and this increased the level of innovation. Interrelatedness. Interrelated tasks require a narrow span of control because horizontal relationships must be managed. Horizontal relationships are less important if tasks are not interrelated. Most organizations have a pyramid-shaped hierarchy, as tasks are complex and interrelated at the top. Notes_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 5. 2Control: Factors Affecting the Shape of the Hierarchy An effective span of control must be limited, thus organizations use other design challenges to control activities: horizontal differentiation, centralization, standardization, and the informal organization. Horizontal Differentiation When vertical differentiation cannot be increased, an organization maintains control by increasing horizontal differentiation and establishing specialized functions or divisions. Each subunit also has a hierarchy. (Fig. 5. 7) Q. Why does manufacturing have many levels? A. Manufacturing must exercise tight control over subordinates and control costs. Sales has fewer levels because it relies on standardization, not direct supervision. RD has fewer levels because complex tasks are difficult to supervise. RD often uses project teams, a narrow span of control, and informal norms and values to control behavior. (Fig. 5. 8) Horizontal differentiation allows an organization to remain flat because hierarchies are developed in subunits. Q. What problems are caused by horizontal differentiation? A. Horizontal differentiation causes coordination and motivation problems that are controlled through centralization, standardization, and the informal organization. Centralization The communication and coordination problems of a tall company make a manager’s job one of monitoring and supervising, causing an organization to lose sight of its goals. One solution is to reduce the number of managers by decentralizing decision making to lower levels. Decentralization keeps the organizational structure flat. Standardization Another way to flatten the hierarchy is through standardization. Tasks are controlled through rules, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and norms, so a wide span of control is used; rules eliminate direct supervision, and managers can delegate responsibility because subordinates know the rules. Notes_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________ Managerial Implications: Authority and Control Managers must assure that the hierarchy matches organizational needs and is not too tall or centralized. If the hierarchy provides too little control, managers must maintain adequate supervision over people and resources. Managerial teams should review the hierarchy’s design. Notes_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. 3The Principles of Bureaucracy Max Weber (1864–1920), a German sociologist, developed an organizational structure to improve operations. He developed the bureaucracy, a structure in which people follow rules and are accountable for their actions. Weber’s six principles of bureaucracy distribute responsibilities and authority to maximize a company’s effectiveness. Principle One: A bureaucracy is founded on the concept of rational-legal authority, a person’s authority is due to position in the organization. Power should be separate from personality. Principle Two: Organizational roles are determined by technical competence, not social status, kinship, or heredity. This principle requires managers to see all potential job candidates objectively. Principle Three: A role’s task responsibility and decision-making authority and its relationship to other roles in the organization should be clearly specified. A clear pattern of vertical and horizontal differentiation is necessary for effectiveness. Role conflict, conflicting demands on a subordinate, and role ambiguity (fear of responsibility because of unclear tasks) should be eliminated. Principle Four: The organization of roles in a bureaucracy is such that each lower office in the hierarchy is under the control and supervision of a higher office. People know the chain of command. Principle Five: Rules, standard operating procedures, and norms should be used to control the behavior and the relationship between roles in an organization. Rules are formal written standards of behavior, whereas norms are unwritten. Organizational Insight 5. 3: Never Underestimate the Power of Rules General Mills opened a chain of Chinese restaurants that had early success. In an attempt to open many restaurants quickly, they lost control of the food quality due to the lack of training and standard preparation procedures. Although they did implement procedures, it was too late to save the restaurant, as word had already spread that they had poor quality and poor service. In addition to illustrating the value of rules and standard operating procedures, this case also serves as an excellent example of the power of the reputation effect. Although they fixed the quality problem, it was too late in this case to save the organization. Principle Six: Administrative acts, decisions, and rules should be formulated and put in writing. When written down, rules become official guidelines that can be used even when people leave. Written documents ensure that people can be held accountable. The Advantages of Bureaucracy A bureaucratic structure exists when an organization implements Weber’s six principles. Q. What are the advantages of a bureaucratic structure? A. Advantages: 1. Rules for designing the hierarchy 2. Increased accountability and reduced transaction costs 3. Reduced costs of monitoring subordinates 4. Increased integration 5. Decreased costs of performance evaluation and of rule enforcement 6. The position separated from the person 7. Guidelines and skills able to be passed on to successors 8. Stability needed for employees to take long-term perspectives Despite these advantages, bureaucracies have negative connotations. Q. What causes this negative thinking? A. Disadvantages: . Slowed decision making and increased costs due to a tall and centralized hierarchy 2. Failure to meet stakeholders’ needs due to too many rules Management by Objectives This system provides a framework to both evaluate and to monitor progress toward the achievement of organizational goals. It consists of three steps: 1. Specific goals and objectives are established at each level of the orga nization. 2. Managers and their subordinates together determine the subordinates’ goals. 3. Managers and their subordinates periodically review the subordinates’ progress toward meeting the goals.